Genetic Transformation in E Coli

Hereditary Transformation in E Coli Hereditary Transformation is the demonstration of changing of DNA in a living being by including new qualities, which might be done in various ways. The expansion of new qualities to DNA could have a practically limitless measure of points of interest, going from considering the way of life of microscopic organisms that become safe to current medication, to making fake creature proteins. In a CNN article composed by Matt Ford, researchers are utilizing hereditary change to do explore on the utilization of developing creature proteins that the researchers guarantee will be more beneficial for the plant and mean less creature savagery. Notwithstanding, the possibility of falsely develop creature protein is still very controversial.ã‚â In the examination performed by our lab, we utilized warmth stun to hereditarily change E coli. Warmth stun is the way toward presenting the cells to a brief yet extraordinary increment in temperature, which incidentally opens the layers of the cells . The motivation behind opening these films is that the qualities that are set in the encompassing zone will slip into the cell and become some portion of the DNA of that cell. In this trial, we were trying whether the warmth treatment opened the films of the cells, and in this way endeavoring to finish hereditary transformation.ã‚â In the paper Nonchromosomal Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria: Genetic Transformation of Escherichia coli by R-Factor DNA by Stanley N. Cohen, Annie C.Y. Chang, and Leslie Hsu is likewise a case of this sort of hereditary change on E Coli. After the E. Coli was presented to CaCl2, the E coli didn't completely get impervious to anti-infection agents. The explanation was that the E coli additionally required the correct temperature and conditions for the qualities to completely get powerful in the E coli. After the E coli was acquainted with a warmed domain for a brief timeframe, and afterward permitted to change and develop in a hatched situation, th e obstruction for the anti-infection agents expanded in the E coli. While there have been situations where it was discovered that warmth stun treatment was not important to connect with the hereditary change cycle, as appeared in the article One-advance planning of capable Escherichia coli: change and capacity of bacterial cells in a similar arrangement, we despite everything utilized warmth stun treatment for our analysis. To start the trial, we took two microcentrifuge tubes and named them +pGLO and - pGLO. Next, taking a micropipette with a spotless tip we put 250 microliters of change arrangement into each of our microcentrifuge tubes. We at that point put ice into a measuring utencil enormous enough for ice and our two cylinders, and put these materials into the recepticle. After, a sterile circle was utilized to take a solitary state of microscopic organisms into every one of our cylinders, utilizing separate circles to keep them sterile and maintain a strategic distance from tainting. Subsequent to getting another new sterile circle, we put the circle into a cylinder stamped pGLO plasmid DNA. This circle was then placed into the cylinder named +pGLO and blended. After this, we left the two cylinders in the ice measuring glass for at any rate ten minutes to get them and their substance to a lower temperature. While these are on ice, we acquired 4 Luria Broth (LB) supplement agar plates from our la b supplier; one LB plate, two LB/ampicillin plates, and one LB/ampicillin/arabinose plates were given to us. After the ten minutes were finished, the two cylinders were place in water that was 42 degrees Celsius for 50 seconds. After this warm water treatment, we promptly place the cylinders over into the ice measuring glass. Following two minutes in the ice measuring glass, we expelled the cylinders from the ice recepticle. Utilizing a perfect tip for each cylinder on the micropipette, we included 250 microliters of LB supplement stock to the +pGLO tube and the - pGLO cylinder and let blends sit for ten minutes. After the ten minutes, we delicately flicked the cylinders to blend the substance of the cylinders. At that point, we added 100 microliters of +pGLO to the LB/amp supplement agar plate, 100 microliters of +pGLO to the LB/amp/are plate, 100 microliters of - pGLO to the LB/amp plate, and 100 microliters of - pGLO to the LB plate. Utilizing another spotless and sterile circle for each plate, spread the blends of each plate with the goal that they are stirred up well, while being certain not to press hard into the plate. We at that point shut the plates with their tops and stacked them on one another, taking care of tape around them to keep them. We at that point set the plates into a hatchery for multi week. In this analysis, we acquainted the pGLO plasmid with E. coli microscopic organisms with the goal that the phones were hereditarily change a protection from ampicilin just as the capacity to deliver the protein that causes a gleam. We utilized warmth stun treatment so as to present the pGLO plasmid put away in a hatching unit the microscopic organisms in agar plate containing ampicilin, arabinose and supplement stock. Thus, the agar plate containing supplement stock with the microorganisms that had not been given the pGLO plasmid had microbes develop in the plate. The plate containing supplement stock and ampicilin with the microscopic organisms, which was not given any pGLO, didn't have any bacterial development in the plate. The plate with supplement stock and ampicilin that had the microscopic organisms that had been given pGLO grew new microbes, yet it didn't sparkle. The last plate containing supplement stock, ampicilin and arabinose and the microscopic organisms that had been g iven pGLO both developed new microorganisms and furthermore shined under the light. I expressed that I accepted that the E. coli microscopic organisms that had been given pGLO would develop within the sight of ampicilin, yet would likewise sparkle in the light when there was additionally arabinose. The consequences of the trial didn't negate my speculation since the microscopic organisms that had been given pGLO developed in both of the plates with ampicilin present, and gleamed in the plate with arabinose present too. The consequences of this examination were predictable with other comparable investigations with a similar utilization of warmth treatment on hereditary change. A prime model is the analysis led by Cohen, Chang and Hsu in which the strategy for heat stun was utilized to acquaint anti-toxin opposition with E. coli microorganisms (Cohen, Chang, Hsu, 1972). The aftereffects of the trial demonstrated that the presentation of R-factor DNA could hereditarily change E. coli microscopic organisms to have certain protections. This trial helps bolster our discov eries since their technique and results were fundamentally the same as our examination. A couple of potential blunders that happened in our test could incorporate the way that the microscopic organisms sat for seven days after the initial segment of the test as opposed to being analyzed following 24 hours, which may have modified the measure of microbes that was refined. Additionally, it was practically difficult to get two parts of a similar state so it is conceivable that the two examples of E. coli were not hereditarily indistinguishable. Nonetheless, we don't accept that our examination had been adequately imperfect to cause critical blunder References: 1. Meat is murder? All things considered, maybe not for any longer. By Matt Ford. http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/science/08/07/eco.invitro.meat/index.html Accessed 11-11-2009 2. Nonchromosomal Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria: Genetic Transformation of Escherichia coli by R-Factor DNA by Stanley N. Cohen, Annie C.Y. Chang, and Leslie Hsu. http://www.pnas.org/content/69/8/2110.abstract.ã‚â Accessed 11-10-2009 3. One-advance planning of capable Escherichia coli: change and capacity of bacterial cells in a similar arrangement by C T Chung, S L Niemela,, and R H Miller. http://www.pnas.org/content/86/7/2172.abstract got to 11-10-2009 Donna Weedman, 2009 Life 102 Attributes of Living Systems, Cache House Inc. Eden Prairie, MN

Cyber Crime

Crimeâ isâ onâ theâ riseâ justâ aboutâ everywhereâ theseâ days,â butâ nowhereâ hasâ thisâ upâ riseâ inâ crimeâ becomeâ moreâ apparentâ thanâ inâ cyberâ space.â Likeâ soâ manyâ otherâ aspectsâ ofâ ourâ lives,â majorâ fraudâ hasâ goneâ highâ tech.The  FBI estimatesâ thatâ businessesâ aloneâ loseâ anâ upwardsâ ofâ $1.5â trillionâ annuallyâ asâ aâ directâ resultâ ofâ cyberâ crimes.â Theâ numberâ ofâ theseâ crimesâ hasâ tripledâ inâ theâ pastâ twoâ yearsâ andâ theâ numbersâ continueâ toâ climb.â (O’Leary &â O’Leary)  p. 287Through theâ durationâ ofâ thisâ essayâ weâ willâ beâ embarkingâ onâ aâ journeyâ intoâ theâ darkâ andâ seedyâ worldâ ofâ cyberâ crime.â Withinâ thisâ textâ youâ willâ find,â theâ definitionâ ofâ cyberâ crime,â theâ most  typi calâ typesâ ofâ cyberâ criminals,â asâ wellâ asâ theâ mostâ commonâ formsâ ofâ cyberâ crime.The exactâ definitionâ ofâ cyberâ crimeâ isâ stillâ evolving.â ( www.davislogic.com/cybercrime.htmâ ). Cyberâ crime,â orâ computerâ wrongdoing,  isâ anâ extremelyâ broadâ term.â Thisâ termâ isâ mostâ commonlyâ usedâ toâ describeâ criminalâ activityâ committedâ whereâ aâ computerâ orâ networkâ isâ theâ source,â tool,â orâ targetâ ofâ aâ crime.â Likeâ traditionalâ crime,â cyberâ crimeâ canâ takeâ manyâ shapesâ andâ occurâ atâ anyâ timeâ orâ anyâ place.When  an  individual  is  the  main  target  of  cyberâ wrongdoing,  the  computer  can  be  considered  a  tool  rather  than  the  target.  These  crimes  generally  involve  less  technical  expertise  as  the  damage  done  ma nifests  itself  in  the  real  world.â Inâ theseâ typesâ ofâ casesâ theâ damageâ dealtâ isâ primarilyâ psychological.By nowâ manyâ ofâ usâ  areâ allâ tooâ familiarâ withâ spam.â Spamâ orâ spammingâ refersâ toâ theâ abuseâ ofâ electronicâ messagingâ systemsâ toâ sendâ unsolicitedâ bulkâ messages indiscriminately.â Whileâ theâ mostâ widelyâ recognizedâ formâ ofâ spamâ isâ e-mailâ spam,â theâ termâ canâ additionally  beâ appliedâ toâ similarâ abusesâ inâ otherâ media.Some ofâ theseâ abusesâ include;â instantâ messagingâ spam,â webâ searchâ engineâ spam,â spamâ inâ blogs,â wikiâ spam,â mobileâ phoneâ messagingâ spam,â socialâ networkingâ spam,â asâ wellâ asâ internetâ forumâ spam. Asâ appliedâ toâ email,â specificâ against spamâ lawsâ areâ relativelyâ new,â howeverâ limitsâ onâ spontaneous  electronicâ communicationsâ haveâ existedâ inâ someâ formsâ forâ someâ time.Another commonâ crimeâ plaugingâ cyberâ spaceâ isâ identityâ robbery.  Internet identityâ theftâ isâ differentâ fromâ commonâ identityâ theftâ inâ aâ fewâ differentâ ways.â Commonâ identityâ theftâ isâ differentâ fromâ commonâ identityâ theftâ takesâ placeâ afterâ somethingâ isâ physicallyâ stolenâ from youâ likeâ aâ walletâ containingâ creditâ cardsâ andâ aâ driver’sâ licenseâ orâ anâ un-shreddedâ creditâ cardâ explanation fromâ yourâ garbageâ bin.The thiefâ wouldâ takeâ theseâ stolenâ articlesâ andâ useâ themâ toâ makeâ aâ fraudulentâ purchaseâ orâ somethingâ ofâ thatâ â nature. Internetâ identityâ theftâ canâ beâ muchâ moreâ devastatingâ thanâ conventionalâ identityâ theftâ atâ timesâ dueâ toâ theâ factâ thatâ mostâ victimsâ ofâ internetâ identityâ theftâ areâ completelyâ unawareâ thatâ anythingâ hasâ beenâ stolenâ fromâ themâ untilâ itâ isâ farâ tooâ late.  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â Goneâ areâ theâ daysâ whenâ weâ hadâ toâ stepâ outsideâ toâ purchaseâ ourâ groceries,â bookâ flights,â andâ vacations,â orâ simplyâ transferâ moneyâ betweenâ bankâ accounts.Today, weâ canâ simplyâ grabâ ourâ checkbooks,â debitâ cardsâ orâ creditâ cards,â sitâ downâ atâ aâ computerâ inâ theâ comfortâ andâ safet yâ ofâ ourâ home,â andâ completeâ theseâ transactionsâ with passwordsâ andâ PIN numbers.Thanks toâ advancesâ inâ technology,â theâ types ofâ transactionsâ weâ canâ nowâ completeâ onlineâ areâ virtuallyâ endless.â Unfortunately,â theâ increaseâ inâ online transactionsâ hasâ beenâ accompaniedâ byâ anâ increaseâ inâ onlineâ identityâ theft.â Fraudulentâ accessâ toâ individual informationâ overâ theâ internetâ isâ increasinglyâ prevalentâ andâ sophisticated.Two  formsâ ofâ  identity  theft  are  at  the  forefront  of  this  internet  piracy areâ phishingâ andâ pharming.â  Both pharmingâ andâ phishingâ areâ methodsâ usedâ toâ stealâ personalâ informationâ fromâ unsuspectingâ peopleâ overâ theâ internet.â Phishingâ typicallyâ involvesâ fraudulentâ bulkâ emailâ messagesâ that  guideâ recipientsà ¢ toâ (legitimateâ looking)â fakeâ webâ sitesâ andâ tryâ to getâ themâ toâ supplyâ personalâ informationâ likeâ accountâ passwords.â Pharmingâ isâ inâ manyâ waysâ similarâ toâ phishing.Pharmers  also  send  emails.  The  consumer,  however,  can  be  duped  by  the  pharmer  without  even opening  an  email  attachment.  The  consumer  compromises  his  personal  financial  information  simply  by opening  the  email  message.The  pharming  email  message  contains  a  virusâ that  installs  a  small  software  program  on  the  endâ user’s  computer.  Subsequently,  when  the  consumer  tries  to visit  an  official  web  site,  the  pharmer’s  software  program  redirects  the  browser  to  the  pharmer’s  fake  version  ofâ the  web  site.  This allowsâ the  ph armer  to  capture  the  personal  financial  information that  the  consumer  enters  into  the  counterfeit  web  site,  and  the  consumer’s  account  is  again  compromised.The  latest  form  of  pharming  does  not  require  email  at  all.  Password taking  Trojan  horses  can  attack  through  Microsoft  Messenger  where  key lumberjacks  are  run.  Key lumberjacks  are  viruses  that  track  a  user’s  keystrokes  on  legitimate  sites  and  steal  passwords,  allowing  a  thief  to  have  access  to  a  consumer’s  password  for  future  fraudulent  transactions.The  most  common  blunder  people  make  when  the  topic  of  a  computer  virus  arises  is  to  refer  to  a wormâ orâ Trojanâ horseâ asâ aâ virus.â While  the  words  Trojan,  worm  and  virus  are  often  used  interchangeably,  they  are  not  exactly  the  same. Viruses,  worms  and  Trojan  horses  are  all  maliciousâ programs that  can  cause  damage  to  your  computer,â however  there  are  differences  among  the  three,  and  knowing  those  differences  can  help  you  to  better  protect  your  computer  from  their  often  damaging  effects.A  computerâ virusâ connects  itself  to  aâ program  or  fileâ empowering  it  to  spread  from  one  computer  to another,  leaving  infections  as  it  travels.  Like  a  human  virus,  a  computer  virus  can  range  in  severity. Some  virusesâ may  cause  only  mildly  annoying  effects  while  others  can  damage  yourâ hardware,â softwareâ orâ files.Almost  all  viruses  are  attached  to  an  executab leâ file,â whichâ implies  the

Barbie Case Study Answer free essay sample

Story Submitted By Kishor Chandra 92062 WMG 18 1 Question 1. Expert saw that the Barbie, the primary symbol of American culture, reflected changes in American culture. Break down the progressions in Barbie’s picture throughout the years. Answer. Barbie was viewed as a symbol of American culture over the world and a portrayal of the extravagance and lavish way of life of the Americans. She was additionally viewed as a good example who roused little youngsters to become autonomous and self free. Investigator ascribed Barbie’s accomplishment to its consistently changing styles and its flexibility to changing patterns in American culture. Barbie confronted a great deal of analysis for supposedly sending incorrectly messages to little youngsters. Now and again Barbie likewise faces numerous reactions. At times it was censured for a sex image. Some even blamed Barbie for urging young ladies to picture themselves as sex objects. One of the primary explanations behind Barbie’s achievement was its versatility to evolving patterns. It was accounted for that Barbie had in excess of 80 vocations inside a time of 40 years. We will compose a custom paper test on Barbie Case Study Answer or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The doll had assumed a job of college alumni, specialist, educator, space explorer, presidential applicant, specialist and business official among others. Mattel understood that to suit the evolving times, Barbie expected to look increasingly emphatic. In 1971, Mattel introduced† Live Action Barbie† to depict the freed lady. Live Action Barbie had a trimmer figure than prior Barbie’s. In 1974 Mattel presented â€Å"Sweet Sixteen† Barbie. This Barbie was not marvelous as adolescent during that period settled on less cosmetics and long hair. In 1975 for the winter Olympics another competitor Barbie was propelled. The competitor Barbie had the garments and frill of a swimmer, skater and a skier. With another form, Barbie’s faces likewise have new changes. In 1975 she got a warm smile and by 1977 she had a changeless grin. During the 1980s Barbie accompanied wide grin and winged hair. By the mid 1980s, the American lady embracing various vocations, Mattel needed to change the Barbie’s picture to support up the deals. That time little youngsters were turning out to be profession arranged. Along these lines, Barbie was propelled as a space traveler in 1986 and as a specialist in 1988. In 1985 Mattel introduced† Day to Night Barbie†, which speaks to the bustling way of life of working ladies. Mattel additionally recharge the picture of Barbie as a design doll by presenting precious stone Barbie, Puerto Rican Barbie and extraordinary shape Barbie. To help Barbie’s new picture, Mattel propelled another advertisement crusade â€Å"We young ladies can do anything† in 1980s. The entire advertisement passed on the possibility that little youngsters could do anything they needed. In 1992, Mattel propelled â€Å"Presidential Candidate Barbie†, rousing little youngsters to choose a vocation in legislative issues. In 1998 Mattel propelled Barbie’s site barbie. om. In 1990s Barbie had a decline in deals because of increment in elective methods for diversion for children, for example, computer games, PC games and the web. Likewise children couldn't identify with Barbie because of changing needs and examiner additionally saw that during t he 1990s, little youngsters turned out to be more profession disapproved and techno sagacious and they neglected to relate Barbie. In 1997 JILL BARAD turned into a CEO of Mattel and furthermore she reported to make Barbie’s picture progressively steady with the picture of ladies in 1990s. In 1997 Barbie’s first traditional artful dance arrangement, sugar plum pixie was propelled. In this arrangement Barbie was propelled under seven world popular expressive dance arrangement. Because of decline in deals of different reasons, in 1998 Mattel updated Barbie. Barbie was propelled with slimmer hips, a more extensive midriff and littler bosoms and this new Barbie reflected society in the late 1990s. To help the picture update of Barbie, Mattel propelled ‘Be anything ‘campaign in 1999. This ad indicated young ladies start in to the camera with untamed hair and a certain look, holding a hockey stick behind her head. In 1990s Mattel commended 40th birthday celebration. What's more, this birthday festivities, Mattel presented fruitful ladies who like Barbie doll showed young ladies that could do any things. In this way, Barbie’s picture was changed different occasions as indicated by American culture which needs to relate with the general public and propelled different dolls to pull in the kids and different purchasers. QUESTION 2. Investigators ascribed Barbie’s accomplishment to the Mattel’s inventive item advancement. They called attention to that Mattel’s item advancement reflected changing social examples in American culture. Examine the pretended result improvement in Barbie’s achievement. Answer. American culture and contemporary item advancement of Barbie dolls: Barbie was viewed as a symbol of American culture over the world and a portrayal of the showiness and lavish way of life of the American. She was likewise viewed as the good example of the little youngsters who roused to get free. Barbie was the world’s biggest selling toy and one of the best results of Mattel Co. , its maker. Barbie’s consistently â€changing styles and its versatility to changing patterns in American culture was the purpose for its achievement on the planet. In 2000s, different types of diversion, for example, computer games and PCs came which draw in the youthful age towards themselves and decline the no. of kid playing with the dolls. In 2001 Barbie confronted hardened rivalry from ‘Disney Princess’ propelled by Disney. The toy advertise in the late 50’s and 60’s Barbie was not a triumph from the start. During and after the New York Toy Show its deals were yet to be what Mattel anticipated. When Barbie was considered and propelled, the doll fragment of the toy showcase was ruled by Ginny, a doll made of hard plastic by Vogue Dolls, Inc. nd by Miss Revlon, delivered by Ideal Toy amp; Novelty Corporation. So as to manage those two in number contenders, and with the issue of the grown-up look, Mattel appointed for $12,000 a toy concentrate by Ernest Ditcher, the inspirational clinician of 1950s promoting. The investigation and the perception on the kids and their folks assisted with building up the rules for the promoting effort that would dispatch Barbie in the retail showcase. Toys were appeared in plugs making it workable for kids to decide precisely what they needed. Utilizing the rules controlled by Ditchers study, this was the means by which Mattel arrived at its open. Before the finish of 1960, Barbies notoriety was entrenched, and the requests began to develop. It took Mattel quite a while to find the interest. Forming technique trough structure: 70’s and 80’s In the late 1960s Mattel added new highlights to Barbie to continue the enthusiasm of little youngsters in the doll. In 1966, Barbie adornments incorporated an enchantment arrangement that would change the shade of Barbie’s hair and garments which was popular among the American young people. In 1967, Mattel upset the toy business when it introduced† Twist and Turn â€Å"Consistent commitment to Barbie’s achievement in the 5-12year-old young ladies advertise has been Mattels capacity in utilizing structure deliberately. As depicted previously, since Barbies creation, structure has been paid attention to and done by a correlative group. From the second the first Barbie was propelled, the item configuration bunch began to update the doll so as to reduce expenses, take care of creation issues and change it to showcase exigencies. Since the start, fabricating mastery has added to item advancement together with early plan. This has permitted Mattel to be constantly out in front of assembling in the race as far as possible of item cycle. Mattels way to deal with plan in the mid 1970s was extremely near the most developed procedures and philosophies utilized today. The utilization of structure in different fortes allowed Mattel the chance to fabricate a plan culture that would bolster item improvement in the years to come. Since the start Mattel put resources into structuring and upgrading Barbie dependent on changing good examples. This inclination end up being authoritatively effective once it got conceivable to have the good example existing apart from everything else converted into a Barbie doll. On Design and Redesign Elliot Handler, Mattels fellow benefactor, was a man with an eye toward the future, particularly where new materials were concerned. He put resources into new materials and advancements to give Barbie various highlights, offering fluctuated and convincing encounters to the clients. With a client focused way to deal with item improvement, Mattels fashioners foreseen childrens needs, making sudden prospects in the Barbie world. Barbies face has been updated a few times so as to stay aware of current designs in make-up and hair styling and to adjust the doll to an ever-evolving market. During this time, Barbies body has not changed in extents yet it has persevered through a few changes in the plan of joints, shape and moving parts as indicated by new creation procedures and materials. The 90’s and the subsequent forward leap On style, way of life and configuration Based on this vital reasoning, Mattel put vigorously in item and design structure all through the 70’s and 80’s. Thus, Mattel style architects, drove by Charlotte Johnson, made uncommon assortments for the doll a seemingly endless amount of time after year. In the mid 1980’s the adjustment in the picture of the Barbie changes as per the present situation of the America. In the mid 1980’s the picture of Barbie was for the most part vocation arranged, as in 1986 propelled as a space explorer and in 1988 as a specialist. In 1985, Mattel acquainted â€Å"Day with Night Barbie,† speaking to the bustling way of life of working ladies. Stress that they structured no

English Case Study Cancer Essay - 1100 Words

English Case Study: Cancer (Essay Sample) Content: Jessica UkanduENGL 395Case study assignmentThis paper looks at the life cycle of a biomedical idea, in this case, human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines for of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals, and traces how the topic has been communicated to various audiences. It begins with a short description of the topic and continues with a compare-contrast essay utilizing rhetorical analysis tools to determine how the biomedical idea was framed in the four article explored.Exploring the connection between HPV and HIVInspite of the stigma HIV national health institutions have been working to improve the well being of individuals who have contracted this communicable disease. Various researches have enabled individuals with HIV to live normal lives, as well as increased the lifespan of individuals suffering from this condition. But HPV changes all of this.Considered as the most common sexually transmitted infection, with 9-13% or 6 million people worldwide inf ected annually ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.4103/0253-7184.85409", "ISSN" : "1998-3816", "PMID" : "22021967", "abstract" : "Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection with an estimated worldwide prevalence of 9-13% and approximately 6 million people being infected each year. Mostly acquired during adolescence or young adulthood, HPV presents clinically as anogenital warts and may progress to precancerous lesions and cancers of the cervix, vagina, vulva, penis and anus, and oropharynx. HPV infection is considered to contribute to almost 100% cervical cancers and at least 80% of anal and 40-60% of vulvar, vaginal, and penile cancers. At present, two prophylactic HPV vaccines are commercially available and both are prepared from purified L1 structural proteins. These proteins self-assemble to form virus-like particles that induce a protective immunity. Gardasil(\u00ae) is a qua drivalent vaccine against HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18 and is recommended for use in females 9-26 years of age, for the prevention of cervical, vulvar, and vaginal cancers and intraepithelial neoplasia and condyloma acuminata and recently for vaccination in boys and men 9-26 years of age for the prevention of genital warts. Cervarix\u2122 is a bivalent vaccine approved for the prevention of cervical cancer and precancerous lesions caused by HPV 16 and 18, in females 10-25 years. HPV vaccines are safe and efficacious against type-specific HPV-induced anogenital warts, precancerous lesions, and cervical cancer. The vaccines are most effective when given before the onset of sexual activity and provide long-term protection. Effective vaccination coverage in young adolescent females will substantially reduce the incidence of these anogenital malignancy-related morbidity and mortality. There is need to generate India-specific data on HPV epidemiology and HPV vaccination efficacy as well as continue worldwide surveillance and development of newer vaccines.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Pandhi", "given" : "Deepika", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Sonthalia", "given" : "Sidharth", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Indian journal of sexually transmitted diseases", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "2", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2011", "7" ] ] }, "page" : "75-85", "title" : "Human papilloma virus vaccines: Current scenario.", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "32" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=ce54ad0c-be07-4ceb-bd19-f0332454db87" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Pandhi and Sonthalia)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" }(Pandhi and Sonthalia), HPV is also the number one cause of death am ong young to middle aged women living in developing countries with high HIV prevalence ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "McNeil Jr.", "given" : "Donald G.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "New York Times", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2014", "4", "21" ] ] }, "publisher-place" : "New York", "title" : "Cancer Vaccine Proves Effective in H.I.V. Patients", "type" : "article-newspaper" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=df674b52-a304-49cf-8cb6-59942cba265a" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(McNeil Jr.)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" }(McNeil Jr.).The connection between the HPV and HIV has been firmly established following the publication of a number of researches ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItem s" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Mbulawa", "given" : "ZZ", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Coetzee", "given" : "D", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Marais", "given" : "DJ", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Kamupira", "given" : "M", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Zwane", "given" : "E", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Allan", "given" : "B", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Constant", "given" : "D", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Moodley", "given" : "JR", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Hoffman", "given" : "M.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Williamson", "given" : "A.L", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Journal of Infectious Diseases", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "10", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2009" ] ] }, "page" : "1514-24", "title" : "Genital human papillomavirus prevalence and human papillomavirus concordance in heterosexual couples are positively associated with human immunodeficiency virus coinfection", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "199" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=1fec8bd8-1b79-4f97-aa86-0ce9077e935e" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-2", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1111/1471-0528.12015", "ISSN" : "1471-0528", "PMID" : "23121095", "abstract" : "OBJECTIVE: The objectives of the study were to investigate high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection and type distribution in women infected with HIV-1, and to determine the relevance of HR-HPV positivity and persistence/loss to the development of high-grade cervical disease. DESIGN: A total of 518 European women infected with HIV attending for routine gynaecological care consented to 6-monthly follow-up visits over 3 years, with surveillance of cytology, colposcopy and histopathology, where relevant, and longer follow-up, where possible. SETTING: European women infected with HIV attending for routine gynaecological care. POPULATION OR SAMPLE: 518 European women infected with HIV attending for gynaecological care in 6 hospital-based European centres - Dublin, Edinburgh, London, Milan, Paris, and Warsaw. METHODS: Cervical screening was achieved by liquid-based cytology (LBC) of brush samples in PreservCyt\u00ae medium. The HPV testing of residual samples was performed by H ybrid-Capture II, with genotyping of positives using the HPV Line Blot Assay. Histology results were accessed where available. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Description of high risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection and type distribution in HIV-1 infected women. RESULTS: The estimated prevalence at baseline of any HR-HPV type was 49.5% (46.3-52.8%): 10.2% for HPV 16 and 4.3% for HPV 18. The prevalence increased with increasing immunosuppression. Multiple infections were detected in 26.8%. HR-HPV genotypes were detected in 34.9% of cases with normal cytology, in 77.2% of cases with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance/low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASCUS/LSIL) and in 90.8% of cases with high-grade SIL (HSIL). The prevalence of HPV 16 in HSIL was 38.5%, with the three most common types thereafter having prevalence rates of 19.2% (HPV 58), 19.2% (HPV 53) and 16.6% (HPV 52). The overall persistence of any high-risk type was 55.8%. We found that 6 months persis tence of HPV 16 occurred in 24 women. Seven cases of high-grade cervical disease developed, and all were associated with initial/persistent HR-HPV positivity. CONCLUSIONS: A wide diversity of HPV types was evident, and multiple infections were common. Detection or persistence of any HR-HPV was associated with a very low incidence of subsequent high-grade disease.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Heard", "given" : "I", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Cubie", "given" : "H A", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Mesher", "given" : "D", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Sasieni", "given" : "P", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaec ology", "id" : "I... English Case Study Cancer Essay - 1100 Words English Case Study: Cancer (Essay Sample) Content: Jessica UkanduENGL 395Case study assignmentThis paper looks at the life cycle of a biomedical idea, in this case, human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines for of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals, and traces how the topic has been communicated to various audiences. It begins with a short description of the topic and continues with a compare-contrast essay utilizing rhetorical analysis tools to determine how the biomedical idea was framed in the four article explored.Exploring the connection between HPV and HIVInspite of the stigma HIV national health institutions have been working to improve the well being of individuals who have contracted this communicable disease. Various researches have enabled individuals with HIV to live normal lives, as well as increased the lifespan of individuals suffering from this condition. But HPV changes all of this.Considered as the most common sexually transmitted infection, with 9-13% or 6 million people worldwide inf ected annually ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.4103/0253-7184.85409", "ISSN" : "1998-3816", "PMID" : "22021967", "abstract" : "Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection with an estimated worldwide prevalence of 9-13% and approximately 6 million people being infected each year. Mostly acquired during adolescence or young adulthood, HPV presents clinically as anogenital warts and may progress to precancerous lesions and cancers of the cervix, vagina, vulva, penis and anus, and oropharynx. HPV infection is considered to contribute to almost 100% cervical cancers and at least 80% of anal and 40-60% of vulvar, vaginal, and penile cancers. At present, two prophylactic HPV vaccines are commercially available and both are prepared from purified L1 structural proteins. These proteins self-assemble to form virus-like particles that induce a protective immunity. Gardasil(\u00ae) is a qua drivalent vaccine against HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18 and is recommended for use in females 9-26 years of age, for the prevention of cervical, vulvar, and vaginal cancers and intraepithelial neoplasia and condyloma acuminata and recently for vaccination in boys and men 9-26 years of age for the prevention of genital warts. Cervarix\u2122 is a bivalent vaccine approved for the prevention of cervical cancer and precancerous lesions caused by HPV 16 and 18, in females 10-25 years. HPV vaccines are safe and efficacious against type-specific HPV-induced anogenital warts, precancerous lesions, and cervical cancer. The vaccines are most effective when given before the onset of sexual activity and provide long-term protection. Effective vaccination coverage in young adolescent females will substantially reduce the incidence of these anogenital malignancy-related morbidity and mortality. There is need to generate India-specific data on HPV epidemiology and HPV vaccination efficacy as well as continue worldwide surveillance and development of newer vaccines.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Pandhi", "given" : "Deepika", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Sonthalia", "given" : "Sidharth", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Indian journal of sexually transmitted diseases", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "2", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2011", "7" ] ] }, "page" : "75-85", "title" : "Human papilloma virus vaccines: Current scenario.", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "32" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=ce54ad0c-be07-4ceb-bd19-f0332454db87" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Pandhi and Sonthalia)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" }(Pandhi and Sonthalia), HPV is also the number one cause of death am ong young to middle aged women living in developing countries with high HIV prevalence ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "McNeil Jr.", "given" : "Donald G.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "New York Times", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2014", "4", "21" ] ] }, "publisher-place" : "New York", "title" : "Cancer Vaccine Proves Effective in H.I.V. Patients", "type" : "article-newspaper" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=df674b52-a304-49cf-8cb6-59942cba265a" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(McNeil Jr.)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" }(McNeil Jr.).The connection between the HPV and HIV has been firmly established following the publication of a number of researches ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItem s" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Mbulawa", "given" : "ZZ", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Coetzee", "given" : "D", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Marais", "given" : "DJ", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Kamupira", "given" : "M", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Zwane", "given" : "E", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Allan", "given" : "B", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Constant", "given" : "D", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Moodley", "given" : "JR", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Hoffman", "given" : "M.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Williamson", "given" : "A.L", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Journal of Infectious Diseases", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "10", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2009" ] ] }, "page" : "1514-24", "title" : "Genital human papillomavirus prevalence and human papillomavirus concordance in heterosexual couples are positively associated with human immunodeficiency virus coinfection", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "199" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=1fec8bd8-1b79-4f97-aa86-0ce9077e935e" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-2", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1111/1471-0528.12015", "ISSN" : "1471-0528", "PMID" : "23121095", "abstract" : "OBJECTIVE: The objectives of the study were to investigate high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection and type distribution in women infected with HIV-1, and to determine the relevance of HR-HPV positivity and persistence/loss to the development of high-grade cervical disease. DESIGN: A total of 518 European women infected with HIV attending for routine gynaecological care consented to 6-monthly follow-up visits over 3 years, with surveillance of cytology, colposcopy and histopathology, where relevant, and longer follow-up, where possible. SETTING: European women infected with HIV attending for routine gynaecological care. POPULATION OR SAMPLE: 518 European women infected with HIV attending for gynaecological care in 6 hospital-based European centres - Dublin, Edinburgh, London, Milan, Paris, and Warsaw. METHODS: Cervical screening was achieved by liquid-based cytology (LBC) of brush samples in PreservCyt\u00ae medium. The HPV testing of residual samples was performed by H ybrid-Capture II, with genotyping of positives using the HPV Line Blot Assay. Histology results were accessed where available. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Description of high risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection and type distribution in HIV-1 infected women. RESULTS: The estimated prevalence at baseline of any HR-HPV type was 49.5% (46.3-52.8%): 10.2% for HPV 16 and 4.3% for HPV 18. The prevalence increased with increasing immunosuppression. Multiple infections were detected in 26.8%. HR-HPV genotypes were detected in 34.9% of cases with normal cytology, in 77.2% of cases with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance/low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASCUS/LSIL) and in 90.8% of cases with high-grade SIL (HSIL). The prevalence of HPV 16 in HSIL was 38.5%, with the three most common types thereafter having prevalence rates of 19.2% (HPV 58), 19.2% (HPV 53) and 16.6% (HPV 52). The overall persistence of any high-risk type was 55.8%. We found that 6 months persis tence of HPV 16 occurred in 24 women. Seven cases of high-grade cervical disease developed, and all were associated with initial/persistent HR-HPV positivity. CONCLUSIONS: A wide diversity of HPV types was evident, and multiple infections were common. Detection or persistence of any HR-HPV was associated with a very low incidence of subsequent high-grade disease.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Heard", "given" : "I", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Cubie", "given" : "H A", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Mesher", "given" : "D", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Sasieni", "given" : "P", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaec ology", "id" : "I...

The And Memory Improving Memory Recall - 926 Words

Mnemonics and Memory: Improving Memory Recall Angela Sapir Arapahoe Community College: General Psychology 101-103 12/15/2015 Discovering Psychology describes memory as, â€Å"the mental processes that enable [a person] to retain and retrieve information over time.† When information is brought into the brain, it travels from the sensory memory to the short term memory. If this information is deemed important, it is then encoded and stored. In order to retrieve this information (i.e., memory) a person might need to use a mnemonic. Mnemonics refers to a group of strategies used for memory recall. These devices have been used since the times of Ancient Greece. Most already use mnemonics without even knowing it, while others employ†¦show more content†¦By using the first letter of each word and putting them together to create a new word, the amount of information to remember is reduced and is much easier to recall. If a person wanted to remember the order and names of the colors in a rainbow, they would begin by identifying the first letter of every color name. The rainbow colors are red, orang e, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. Using the first letters to form a name, like Roy G. Biv, can help a person to recall this information when needed. An acrostic is, â€Å"a series of lines from which particular letters (such as the first letters of all lines) from a word or phrase† (â€Å"Memory and Mnemonic Devices,† 2013).This phrase can be funny or have personal meaning to the creator as this would also aid in their ability to recall the information. Musicians use acrostic to remember the location of notes on the staff. For example, the lines on a treble clef staff represent the following notes: E, G, B, D, and F. When a person remembers their acrostic, Every Good Boy Does Fine, each word will aid that person in remembering the piece of information it denotes. The method of loci is one of the oldest mnemonics techniques. Developed before writing, this technique was used by the orators of ancient Greece and Rome when they has to recite long, public speeches (Moà ¨ 2005). To use this method, a person would visualize a place, one that

Child Abuse - 3642 Words

Child Abuse Abstract Thousands of children are abused every year and most of the time by members of their own families. A recent study carried out by the WHO estimated 1,273,000 children in America had been victims of some form of abuse in the year 1984. This report was based on projected or actual figures which were supplied by the official state liaisons for child abuse and neglect. It suggested a noticeable increase in the number of cases, up from an estimated 1,007,000 in 1981. The figures are frightening, however, they do point to a new found awareness about the tragedy of child abuse. A problem that has long been kept secret is now being uncovered. In this paper; types of child abuse, legal mandates, its risk factors and causes, effects, diagnosis, treatment and prevention are discussed. Child Abuse Introduction Child abuse is one of the most increasing social problems nowadays all over the world. Few issues generate the concern, anger, and frustration as the abuse or neglect of children. According to data from the US Department of Health and Human Services, six million children have been abused and neglected in the year 2009 and majority of these children needed action right away (US Department of Health and Human Services 2010). Legal Mandates A relatively new concept, child abuse has been recently designated as a serious public health concern (Barriere, 2005). Both federal and state agencies have created definitions for child abuse. TheShow MoreRelatedChild Abuse1247 Words   |  5 PagesDiscipline, Child Abuse? Many people have noticed that parents are starting to get more frustrated with with their lives and are taking it out on their children. Parents start to under think their actions and instead of disciplining their children, they are abusing their children. There are many precautions that should be taken when dealing with situations like these. 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Dignity and Respect for Patients-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Write an Op-Ed (Opinion-Editorial) piece that allows you to demonstrate an understanding of how issues relating to the dignity of the human person and the realization of the common good may be addressed by you in your Professional Practice now and in the Future. Answer: In the nursing practice, the relationship between a nurse and patient is asymmetrical where later trusts the former in every case. Nurses face difficult ethical dilemma to navigate that arise when autonomic decision of patients conflict with beneficent duty of nurses in looking for the best interest of patients (Jacobs, 2016). Although, the patient has the right to deny treatment, one cannot have right to demand any sort of treatment. Nurses have the moral responsibility to offer appropriate treatment and adhere to ethical principle depending upon the medical case. The above finding may sound alarmist, nurses have to maintain dignity and respect for patients rights in the actual clinical scenario. The focus is the ethical dilemma that nurses face while attending a patient where respects for autonomy conflicts with beneficence (Beauchamp, 2016). For example, in an ethical scenario where a patient diagnosed with AIDS denied treatment, as he believes that this would reveal HIV diagnosis to his family. Considering this scenario, I believe that as a nurse, it is our prime concern to treat his AIDS condition, as the patient will die if the treatment does not start soon. This situation bind the hospital in an ethical dilemma, however, nurses should not end up delivery inappropriate treatment to the patient. There is another side in this case where the hospital is violating the principle of autonomy where the patient refuses treatment for AIDS. It is argued that there is also violation of principle of justice as hospital is providing partial treatment at large expenses and question that if AIDS are transmitted to the family members. Some researchers may argue that breaking the news of HIV positive would violate the principle of confidentiality and human rights. My question is that why treatment for AIDS cannot be given confidentially. Such ethical scenarios are quite common in nursing practice; nevertheless, these issues are not discussed on a daily basis and nurses face maximum ethical challenges, as they are more indulged with patients and most trusting relationship in healthcare. However, from the nursing perspective, several answers address the human rights and respect for autonomy (Butts Rich, 2015). In nursing, human rights of patients and promotion of common good is privacy, confidentiality and independence of clients (Matney, Avant Staggers, 2016). In another instance, a patient who underwent a surgery still wants to smoke and unwilling to quit it. In this situation, the human rights of patients like respect for autonomy conflict with beneficence followed by use of ethical principle leading to different situations. Some researchers may argue that respect for autonomy is valid until the autonomous choice of patients is not basing on delusional ideas and he or she finally understand the decisions at hand (Cook et al., 2015). In such situations, nurses should respect the decisions of patients while on the other hand trying to convince otherwise. Nursing developed as a discrete profession reflecting societal recognition where constellation of healthcare services delivered by nurses is a way to support and promote common good. From the common good perspective, nursing addresses the balance between preservation of patients dignity and respect for autonomy against societal integrity. Nurses are the ones who spend the maximum time with patients and family members and understand their struggle in making crucial decisions. As stated, nurses go through thick of ethical dilemma colliding with patients choices making situation messy and complex. At times, personal beliefs and values of nurses conflict with needs of patient and their families. Informed consent is one aspect of respect for human rights where patient acceptance or denial to treatment depends on the individuals prior consent. Prior consent informs the potential benefits, harms, risks, or any other alternative treatments to patients prior to diagnosis or any invasive procedure. This unwrapping of ethics is important as without prior consent can lead to denial or refusal of treatment by the patient. Consent to treatment is essential that protect patients dignity and respect for autonomy (Boyd, 2015). As a nurse, one should treat patients values and beliefs as it may lead to contradiction or exclusion from treatment. One should respect the ethical principle for autonomy by safeguarding human rights and confidentiality protection of patient health information promoting common good acting as motivation so that they continue with the nursing profession (Lindberg et al., 2014). I believe respect for autonomy should be respected whatever the situation is. Learning experiences help nurses understand ethical principles and its implications in their practice and profession. References Beauchamp, T. L. (2016). Principlism in Bioethics. InBioethical Decision Making and Argumentation(pp. 1-16). Springer International Publishing. Boyd, K. (2015). The impossibility of informed consent?.Journal of medical ethics,41(1), 44-47. Butts, J., Rich, K. (2015). Foundations of Ethical Nursing Practice.Role Development in Professional Nursing Practice,117. Cook, T., Mavroudis, C. D., Jacobs, J. P., Mavroudis, C. (2015). Respect for patient autonomy as a medical virtue.Cardiology in the Young,25(8), 1615-1620. Jacobs, B. 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